The Characteristics of Language Acquisition and Development

Lawrence Cooper The Characteristics of Language Acquisition and Development ECE315: Language Development in Young Children Instructor: Kara Bullock 1-24-11 Language ability starts even before birth and happens in every area of the child’s life. A child absorbs the language that is spoken in their environment with characteristics such as the tonal quality, the syntax, and the usages of that language. A child can learn languages which are spoken by their parents. The child absorbs the language that is most prevalent in the environment they live. It is a unique phenomenon in human life and occurs in a significant time span. Language absorption is provided by nature from birth, up until around the ages of four to five.†¦show more content†¦That’s why it is crucial for parents and/or caregivers to speak, listen, and then respond to whatever their baby is uttering. This will be a kind of reinforcement of developing language patterns. I think this makes me realize the importance of the bonding process that all parents should undertake after birth. The role of a caregiver should follow later after th is process is complete. I think this will play a beneficial role in how an infant will acquire his or her oral competencies. Some of our literature offers us a time table as to when some of these accomplishments will occur. The text tells us that â€Å"at six months a child will respond to his or her name.† â€Å"At twelve months, a child uses their words with meaning and intention.† â€Å"The vocabulary increases from that of five to 20 words at 18 months to 150-200 words at two years of age.† â€Å"By the age of 4, a child can use at least four prepositions, know names of familiar animals and has mastered one or more colors.† (Atherton, 2008) This leads us to discuss the various ways in which it could be possible for children to acquire language. There are several perspectives that describe the ways in which children can acquire language skills. â€Å"The Learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear; and that children learn from punishment and reinforcement.†(Shaffer,Wood, Willoughby, 2002). The first is the Nativist Perspective. ThisShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between L2 And L2 Development1681 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscusses the factors influence Mari’s L2 development. Factors affecting the learner’s L2 development 1. The similarities and differences between L1 and L2 Acquiring second language is different with first language development. These differences are the learning environment, learning development, interlanguage, learning goal, knowledge transfer and others. L1 Learners in the native language environment, people in this environment are native speakers. For acquisition of L1, child learners have no pressureRead MoreA Short Note On L1 And L2 Development1652 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscusses the factors influence Mari’s L2 development. Factors affecting the learner’s L2 development 1. The similarities and differences between L1 and L2 Acquiring second language is different with first language development. These differences are the learning environment, learning development, interlanguage, learning goal, knowledge transfer and others. L1 Learners in the native language environment, people in this environment are native speakers. For acquisition of L1, child learners have no pressureRead MoreEdu-230 Teaching Strategies in Second Language Acquisition for English Language Learners649 Words   |  3 PagesOctober 10, 2015 Jamie Morris EDU-230 Teaching Strategies in Second Language Acquisition for English Language Learners Scenario 1: An elementary-aged student is an English language learner. The student is comfortable (low affective filter) trying new words and linking words together, but is not pronouncing the words correctly and/or putting words in the correct order (syntax). Development stage of second language acquisition and rationale for your choice: This scenario is an example of developmentalRead MoreFactors Affecting Second Language Acquisition1417 Words   |  6 Pages- ELF Theory Assignment 1 Factors Affecting Second Language Acquisition According to Lightbown and Spada, when teaching English as a Second Language we have to take into account certain characteristics in our learners that may lead to a more or less successful language learning. The characteristics discussed in this chapter are intelligence, aptitude, personality, motivation and attitudes, learners preferences and beliefs and age of acquisition. Intelligence, traditionally referred to the performanceRead MoreMajor Theories Of First Language Acquisition1390 Words   |  6 PagesThere are three major theories of first language acquisition, which are nativist approach, behavior approach, and functional approach. There are still some scholars who challenge these theories. As to nativism, Chomsky (1965) held the view that we are born with a genetic capacity to perceive and acquire the language, and that the capacity is contained in the language acquisition device. He proposes that the language organ helps children acquire languages. In another word, the theory proposes thatRead MoreA Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition1660 Words   |  7 PagesA Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition 〠Abstract】With the concept of autonomy being part of the mainstream of research and practice within the field of language education, the study of learning strategies in L2 acquisition has drawn much attention. This paper discusses the issues covering the fundamental aspect: identification and classification of learning strategy. The problems are reviewed concerning the definition and classification of learning strategies and then the paper tentativelyRead MoreCharacteristics Of A First And Second Language : Behaviorism, Innatism And Social Interactionist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesof approaches have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of language acquisition. These models were influenced by variety of disciplines and research directions, such as cognitive psychology, linguistics, etc.; therefore, the models relate to linguistic development in various ways. One of the most striking differences between the approaches is the perception of the place of heredity and environment in the process of acquiring language, but as we shall see each approach gives them a different weightRead MoreInterlanguage Theory: Why It Makes or Doesn’t Make Sense1439 Words   |  6 Pagessecond language. Errors are in fact considered inevitable in any learning process. For a very long time different authors (Corder, 1967; Richards, 1971; Dulay and Burt, 1972, as cited in Taylor, 1975;) see those errors not only as deviations of the rules but also as important sources for studying the process of learning a target language. The learner’s mental process and rules adopted by them at different stages are evidenced by those errors. (Fauziati, 2011). It is, therefore, the language of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Context On Language Acquisition1273 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage can be defined as a system of symbols and rules that allow for communication to occur (Harley, 2008). Language is a vital component to our lives. It allows for each one of us to be able to express our emotions, it dominates our thoughts and it is a way to be able to express our own unique identity (Harley, 2008). The critical age hypothesis postulates that for a child to acquire language, it will need to be learnt during the critical period otherwise it will never fully be learnt (HarleyRead MoreVocabulary Learning Strategy Research Analysis883 Words   |  4 Pagesthose studies that describe the characteristics of a good learners (e.g. Rubin, 1975), studies that count the use of strategies and studies that compare the use of strategies between groups. Whereas intervention studies aim at discovering the possible changes in the use of learning strategies in leaners (Macaro, 2001, p. 71). A number of studies have investigated vocabulary learning strategies. Vocabulary research has grown considerably both in second and foreign language learning contexts in the last

A Unique Approach Education in Public and Charter...

A Unique Approach: Education in Public and Charter Schools School choice: two words that together spell out a multitude of educational options for students today. Among them are charter schools and public schools; public schools standing the test of time and charter schools being at the forefront of a revolution in educational change. Surprisingly, these two educational institutions have more in common than one might think, but maintain their differences. Key differences between charter and public schools include approach to education, funding, level of government involvement, and enrollment practices. Despite these differences, both charter and public schools share the following features: free of charge to students, required to†¦show more content†¦(WestEd, 2010) On the other hand, public schools purpose is to provide a free education to students within the communities they serve, and receive assistance via funding from taxpayers in their community. Charter schools and publ ic schools receive funding from state and federal government that allows them to provide students with a free public education. Student enrollment is a key factor, which determines the amount of funds school receives. (WestEd, 2010) However, public schools, unlike charter schools, have the ability to levy taxes within their communities in order to help with the cost of education. (MN Association of Charter Schools, 2010) A key difference that separates charter schools from traditional public schools is the unique approach charter schools take in education. Unlike traditional public schools, charter schools have the freedom and flexibility of designing their schools around the unique needs of the students it intends to serve through its charter. (WestEd, 2010) Public schools must comply with certain rules and regulations. As a result, there are minimal opportunities to have a voice in educational decisions, like choice of curriculum. A distinguishing element of charter schools is the ir freedom from the rules and regulations of government, which inhibit the choices of their public schoolShow MoreRelatedCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesCharter Schools vs. Public Schools Are charter schools the right choice to the educational needs of our children? Charter schools are tuition free public schools created and operated by parents, organizations, and community groups to fill student’s educational needs. Charter schools consider educating their students as the priority, and identify how children’s learning needs are different from each other, so they came up with different ways on educating their students such as learning in small groupsRead MoreCharter Schools Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesCharter Schools: The Future of Education? For decades the American education system provided parents with three choices: public, homeschool or private school. If they chose public then their child(ren) would be assigned to a school past on where they lived. However , â€Å"in the early 1990s a handful of states created independent public charter schools, providing opportunities for teachers and others to develop innovative schooling options â€Å" (Palmer, Louann 2007). Not only did the creation ofRead MoreCharter School Issues In America Case Study1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthat wealthy elites wielded disproportionate influence over the outcome of the charter school initiative in Washington (Au Ferrare, 2014). This work adds to the literature by interviewing policymakers in Washington, and exploring the charter school issue through the lens of Race to the Top and educational federalism. This paper explores these issues in Washington by specifically asking: 1. Why did a statewide charter initiative pass after failing on multiple occasions? 2. How did RTTT influenceRead MorePhilosophy And Its Potential Effects On Decision Making1263 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of education influences and largely determines, individual’s educational decisions. (Ornstein, Edwards Stacey, 2015) State and local policymakers, researchers, teachers, and administrators confront a variety of conflicting philosophies and prescriptions in the debate over school curriculum, structure and reform. (Elmore, 1990) Ultimately, choices related to school structure, culture and curriculum are influenced by the philosophy (lens) in which decision-making personnel use to viewRead MoreAmerica s Expectations Regarding Public Education1685 Words   |  7 Pages Over the centuries, education has changed based on the demands of the citizens during a specific time. As Americans become more informed (educated), their opinions, ideas, and thinking change. America’s expectations concerning public education have evolved as well. The demands that are placed on states, districts, and leadership are becoming more intense; yet, our culture still believes that public education is faltering. Educating, empowering, and engaging students to be successfulRead MoreIntegrating Technology Into Education Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesThe literature review of the articles present for this assignment suggest a need for reform in the school system to allow for more relevance in the classroom and an improvement in the educational process. Technology can be an excellent bridge to solve the problem of linking learning with students in their everyday life. Quick suggests, â€Å"too often lesson plans stifle students’ thinking rather that reflecting and deepening their ideas,† (Quick, 2003, pg 156). A way to incorporate lesson plans intoRead MoreMy Purpose For Seeking A Doctorate Degree1506 Words   |  7 Pagestheory and research methods as it pertains to education. I particularly want to hone my research skills since I feel that the significance of gaining research skills is crucial in order to becoming a life-long learner and developing intellectual self-actualiza tion as I prepare myself for furthering in Education. I realize the importance of gaining credibility among my future colleagues and people that I will be serving in the field. My view of Education is that of a reformist. I have a particular interestRead MorePersuasive Speech On Year Round School1120 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience that CECFC should implement year-round school. Central Idea: I researched this topic extensively and discovered the benefits of year round school, developed a plan to implement it, as well as reasons why this plan is possible. Introduction Topic Introduction: Refer to attention grabber for topic introduction. Attention Grabber: Jeremy Bloom is the youngest man in history to make the â€Å"U.S. Ski Team, he was national champion while still in high school and world champion and Olympian at age 19 (PullenRead MoreEssay on National Education Standards1286 Words   |  6 Pagesnational education standards focus on student’s achievement and teacher’s preparation. Educational researchers and curriculum designers continuously find problems with standards and requirements on a state level and how the state and local boards of education focus highly on advanced placement and cultural literacy. A key focus is also accountability for students, schools, and school-districts in regards to academic performance. A new factor that has surfaced is school choice (charter schools and homeRead MoreWhy School Teacher Is The Most Difficult Out Of The Three Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesand its purpose in society. 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Should Society and Parents control the diets of School Aged Kids Free Essays

â€Å"The percentage of overweight children in the United States is growing at an alarming rate with 1 out of 3 kids now considered overweight or obese† according to the article on Kids Health. org ( Overweight and Obesity). Over weight children tend to carry the unhealthy trait over into their adult years. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Society and Parents control the diets of School Aged Kids? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The responsibility of healthy eating and physical activity begin with the parents at home. The parents/guardians are responsible for the well-being of the child. Parents are responsible in teaching their children good eating and excersise habits. Parents are suppose to teach their children portion control along with self control. Many parents don’t demand physical activity from their children, which in turn leads to obesity most children today indulge in video games and highly saturated fatty foods. Society plays a part but it starts at home. The parents, are responsible for incorporating fruits and vegetables into ones diet. Children are a product of their environment are surroundings. If children are not taught at home, how can healthy choices be incorporated any where else. In order for a child to make wise descions it has to be taught from home. Obesity also leads to different types of health issues. The health of children today is gradually declining in rapid numbers. It’s time for the parents to put healthy living in action starting with themselves. According to (Division of Adolescent and School health, National center for chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion) During the last 3 decades, the prevalence of obesity has tripled amoung persons aged 6-19 years. Multiple Chronic disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels are related to obesity. In today’s society the disease that were was acquired in older adults, are in rapid rates being diagnosed by younger individuals due to obesity. Its time for a change people. In conclusion, as far as children goes it is the responsibility of the parents to make sure they are eating healthy, and are active physically daily. Parents must stress the importance of healthy eating and active lifestyles. In order for children to live healthy productive lifestyles, it must be practiced at home first. It’s time to get fit. Today is the perfect day to start. How to cite Should Society and Parents control the diets of School Aged Kids?, Papers

Security Issues IOT Apps Internet Riskâ€Free Samples for Students

Questions: What are the types of these attacks and risks? What can be the results that may come out from these attacks and what can be the possible and probable consequences of the same? What are the various countermeasures and protection mechanisms that may be applied to control and fight the security risks and vulnerabilities? What are the next steps of action that may be taken to enhance the security of IoT apps? Answers: Introduction Technology is something that is experiencing and witnessing many advancements and enhancements with each passing day. One of the latest advancement in the field of technology is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is defined as a technology and a concept that combines several technologies, devices and methodologies to achieve a specific and a particular goal and objective. There is a lot of research and development work that has been done and is being carried out in the field of IoT. Some of these applications that have been provided to the users are in the commercial sector, manufacturing industries, transportation field and many others as well (Bhabad, 2015). The use of these advanced applications lead to several advantages for the users. However, as is the case with every technology and gadget, IoT applications are also associated with many security risks and attacks. Background Research Questions Internet of Things which is commonly abbreviated and addressed as IoT is a concept that is like an umbrella which includes several components such as methodologies, technologies, networks, devices and human resources. There are several questions that have been attempted to be answered with the aid of the research that has been carried out and covered in this report. Security Issues with IoT Apps Confidentiality Issues and Risks Eavesdropping IoT applications involve and are an amalgamation of various technologies and concepts. Also, there are numerous devices and gadgets that are involved in a single IoT application. Due to the presence and involvement of so many entities, there are several access points that are created. These access points provide the opportunity and ability to the malicious attackers to eavesdrop into the application to hamper the confidentiality of the information (Wood, 2016). Unauthorized Tracking Because of the presence of the access points and entry points, there are chances that the attackers may succeed in tracking the application and its associated information in an unauthorized manner. Data Mining Attacks There are numerous latest technologies that have been developed and have been created with the passage of time. Data mining is one of such technology that comes under Business Intelligence (BI) that has a significant role to play in case of an IoT application. There are security threats and vulnerabilities involved with data mining that may compromise the confidentiality of the information (Amato, 2016). Reconstruction Attacks It is necessary to preserve the confidentiality of the information that is associated with an IoT application. However, the confidentiality in hampered and violated with the execution of a reconstruction attack in which the information is given a new shape. Integrity Issues Risks Message Alteration Another important property of the information that is required to be protected and preserved is its integrity. As per the rule of information integrity, any change or modification shall be authorized and shall be reflected in all the copies of the information and data sets. However, this rule is often violated by the malevolent entities by altering the messages that are exchanged with internal and external entities associated with the application (Microsoft, 2016). Media Alteration Another important property of the information that is required to be protected and preserved is its integrity. As per the rule of information integrity, any change or modification shall be authorized and shall be reflected in all the copies of the information and data sets. However, this rule is often violated by the malevolent entities by altering the media contents that are exchanged with internal and external entities associated with the application (Aws, 2016). Availability Issues Risks Flooding Attacks Flooding attacks are the attacks that violate and hamper the availability of the information or the IoT application. These are the attacks in which flooding of the traffic is executed and caused by the attackers. This traffic is unwanted in nature and usually considered as garbage traffic that only deteriorates the continuity of the services which later causes breakdown of the same (Nichols, 2016). Server Impersonating Servers that are associated with the IoT application are many in number and because of the presence of so many entities impersonation of the servers is carried out. The information that is acquired by this process often results in the violation of the availability of the application or the information. QoS Abuse Users of the IoT application are satisfied only when they are provided with utmost levels of quality. However, the quality of the application and its services are violated due to the impact on the availability. This form of attack is termed as Quality of Service (QoS) abuse (Panetta, 2016). Consequences of the Issues An IoT application consists of a lot of information. For instance, home automation is an IoT application that may comprise of the information such as details of the residents, details of the rooms and equipment present in the house, time of accessing the equipment that are available in the house, entry and exit timing of the residents and a lot more. This information is extremely confidential in nature and violation of the security of the home automation application will result in a lot many negative impacts for the users. Similarly, in case of other IoT applications, the information that is involved is critical and occurrence of any of the security risk or attack may have some very serious impacts and consequences (Mahmoud, 2015). There may be legal obligations and occurrences that may come up because of the occurrence of any of the security risk or threat. There are several impacts that may affect the developer of the IoT application such as performance in the market. The provider of the IoT application will suffer a lot because of the deterioration of the image and brand value in the market. The goodwill and customer engagement along with the customer trust will also be impacted negatively and will come down. There are several providers of the IoT apps in the market with increase in the demands of the users and these providers are the competitors of each other. Security violation at the end of one provider will cause damage to the provider and will create new opportunities for the other (Ko Dorantes, 2016). Protection Mechanisms There are many security risks and concerns that are present in association with the IoT apps that may impact the availability of the systems. These availability risks and attacks can be protected and prevented through anti-denial and similar automated tools and packages. Access and identity management plays an important role in case of all the IoT application. It will be necessary to upgrade the access and identity controls by improving the state of authentication through implementation of two-fold and multi-step authentication measures (Lu, 2014). Network security is extremely essential in case of IoT and other application that make use of networks for any of the application activities and services. It is necessary to improve the state of network security by taking several administrative and technical steps such as network audits and reviews along with authorized monitoring and tracking of the networks. The information that is present in the IoT applications shall be encrypted so that it is always secure in nature and is also protected even if the attackers or other malevolent entities succeed in acquiring the same. There are many tools and packages that have been developed in the form of intrusion detection and intrusion prevention packages and systems. These tools are based on automated algorithms and packages to keep an account of all the network activities and malicious attempts that may be executed by the attackers. There are numerous gadgets and devices that are used in the IoT applications and safety of these devices is essential. For instance, loss of a mobile phone in case of a smart parking application will reveal the user details along with the location and a lot of private and confidential information. It shall be made sure that the overall legal architecture that guards the information security is strong and efficient enough to deal with the security risks and attacks. It shall be made sure that there is no compromise on the basic security associated with the application. This basic security shall be enhanced in the form of firewalls or proxy servers. Physical Security its Role Physical security is an important step that is required to be taken in association with the IoT application and its security. It is often assumed that with the increase in virtualization, it is not required to pay attention to the state of physical security in the system. However, it is not true. Physical security plays an important role in the present scenario as well. It shall be made sure that the data centres and their physical security is maintained and upgraded at regular intervals (Jing, 2014). Conclusion There is a lot of work that is being done in the area of IoT security. One of the latest developments in the area is threat hunting. However, it is a concept that is still not spread and expanded at a large scale and is expected to witness some rapid development in the near future. The mechanism includes the execution of the procedures for searching and hunting the threats that are associated with the IoT application and its components. The mechanism is based upon the Hunting Maturity model which is abbreviated as HMM. The organizations maturing in terms of threat hunting is rated on a scale of HMM0 to HMM4 with HMM0 being the lowest. The organizations shall adapt to the processes to enhance their maturity model in terms of threat hunting for better prevention and detection of the security risks and attacks. Internet of Things which is commonly abbreviated and addressed as IoT is a concept that is like an umbrella which includes several components such as methodologies, technologies, networks, devices and human resources. There is a lot of research and development work that has been done and is being carried out in the field of IoT. Some of these applications that have been provided to the users are in the commercial sector, manufacturing industries, transportation field and many others as well. There are several risks and attacks that are related with the IoT applications in the categories of confidentiality, integrity and availability attacks. In case of IoT applications, the information that is involved is critical and occurrence of any of the security risk or attack may have some very serious impacts and consequences. There may be legal obligations and occurrences that may come up because of the occurrence of any of the security risk or threat. There are several impacts that may affe ct the developer of the IoT application such as performance in the market. The provider of the IoT application will suffer a lot because of the deterioration of the image and brand value in the market. The goodwill and customer engagement along with the customer trust will also be impacted negatively and will come down. It is often assumed that with the increase in virtualization, it is not required to pay attention to the state of physical security in the system. However, it is not true. Physical security plays an important role in the present scenario as well. References Amato, N. (2016). The hidden costs of a data breach. Journal of Accountancy. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2016/jul/hidden-costs-of-data-breach-201614870.html Aws,. (2016). Overview of Security Processes. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-security-whitepaper.pdf Bhabad, M. (2015). Internet of Things: Architecture, Security Issues and Countermeasures. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.ijcaonline.org/research/volume125/number14/bhabad-2015-ijca-906251.pdf Jing, Q. (2014). Security of the Internet of Things: perspectives and challenges. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://csi.dgist.ac.kr/uploads/Seminar/1407_IoT_SSH.pdf Ko, M. Dorantes, C. (2016). The impact of information security breaches on financial performance of the breached firms: An empirical investigation. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://jitm.ubalt.edu/XVII-2/article2.pdf Lu, C. (2014). Overview of Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-14/ftp/security.pdf Mahmoud, R. (2015). Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures - IEEE Xplore Document. Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7412116/ Microsoft,. (2016). Microsoft Core Infrastructure Optimization: IT Security Processes - Best Practices for Business IT. Microsoft.com. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.microsoft.com/india/infrastructure/capabilities/itprocesses.mspx Nichols, A. (2016). A Perspective on Threats in the Risk Analysis Process. Sans.org. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/auditing/perspective-threats-risk-analysis-process-63 Panetta, K. (2016). Gartner's Top 10 Security Predictions 2016 - Smarter With Gartner. Smarter With Gartner. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-10-security-predictions-2016/ Wood, P. (2016). Social hacking: The easy way to breach network security. ComputerWeekly. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Social-hacking-The-easy-way-to-breach-network-security